Marxist theory free essay sample

This hypothesis was fundamentally thoughts of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Them two were conceived from Germany. Marx was an understudy of the most unmistakable German Idealist Philosopher. Engels was altering an extreme diary that composed by Karl Marx at the year 1844. Because of this them two meet and become dear companions. Engels begin to impart his insight toward private enterprise to Marx. From that point forward, they chose to cooperate and become association since Marx was acceptable in managing troublesome dynamic ideas though, Engels had the capacity to compose for the mass crowd. They build up this hypothesis during the Europe’s most unpredictable time of social change. Their hypothesis were been disregard by social, monetary and political when from the start it was been build up. Nonetheless, when Marx die at 1883, this hypothesis begin to pick up the notoriety in the nineteenth century and there is still populace who rehearsing as of not long ago. After Marx die, Engels proceed to deciphering and altering Marx composing until 1895. In their thoughts, this hypothesis is about completely worked-out hypothetical reason for the battle of the regular workers to achieve a higher type of human culture known as communism. Since we conceived we are living in a free enterprise framework which is as yet rehearsing until today. The significance of free enterprise is class society which is inconsistent and undemocratic. Rich individuals have more influence contrast with destitute individuals, entrepreneur will be the person who recruit those laborer for creation for the shopper, ruler or sovereign have the ability to educate those captive to do what ever they need though average workers individuals have no influence to change the general public. Marx knew about the fantastic social hypothesis of his time accordingly he imagines that people should shape the world utilizing the innovation and physical assets that accessible to them as opposed to utilizing themself which known as specialist or slave for the work. At the point when this hypothesis gain the prevalence in the 1990’s society start accept there are no broad laws that oversee the turn of events. Hypothesis of realism, create by Marx and Engels, give a structure for dissecting human culture and the laws of its turn of events. It revealed to us that class social orders isn't existed, in truth the most punctual human social orders were really uncouth and ones dependent on co-activity not misuse. This is the manner by which individuals are been fool for tolerating that there is no option in contrast to free enterprise, yet as a general rule individuals power to scan for an choice to clarify this thoughts that been made. The main path for the common laborers society to have power is topple entrepreneur framework and make an abrogate class society is a mix of society for majority rule government, fairness and opportunity with the points of interest od present day monetary, logical and mechanical turn of events. There are a few social classes that Marx depict in entrepreneur society. The essential of the social classes is the low class and the bourgeoisie. The working class implies people that sell their work power for the entrepreneurs underway however they don't claim the creation. They just get the pay as their arrival while the bourgeoisie will completely abuse the low class. While, the bourgeoisie is tose who own the creation and they will pay for the work power from the low class, who get the pay and in this way misusing the low class. Marx recognized the issue related with industrialization and urbanization because of the outcomes of activity taken by the amazing elites. Both of these are not awful but rather issue happen when the untrustworthy industrialists needs to amplify their own benefits by use laborers. Which implies those urbanization society will be completely misusing by the business people. They may work more than they get paid so the business people will acquire benefits. So as to nullify this framework Marx said specialist should ascend against the business people and request to end the abuse and they should gather as one to develop a populist majority rule social request which known as socialism. In Marx hypothesis, media are one of the best advancements that must be control and used to upgrade socialism. Other than that, insurgency may be the speediest and best approach to achieve essential changes. So as to compel the elites to give up their capacity to the working society. In Marx hypothesis, it would state human are more realism contrast with vision. The greater part of us will feel that communism is being ‘idealist’ which is a pleasant thought however ridiculous. While, thought of communism and Marxism are useful and practical in light of the fact that it depended on examining the genuine society world and how it functions really. ‘Idealism’ were unique mean a pattern inside way of thinking. Those optimists imagined that thoughts start things out and follow by material because of these thoughts. They would believe that adjustments in material the truth were brought about by thoughts and not by material powers. Be that as it may, Marx perceive that thoughts assume a significant job in social change and Marxists are realists which against the philosophical sense. In realists, human culture and history is molded by material social and monetary powers, genuine articles and procedures and thoughts are the impression of this material reality. Marxists accept that human culture depends on material powers. Which implies for human culture exist, they need produce those necessities of life that empower us to endure, for example, food, safe house, water and so on. All these are material things that human culture needs so as to endure. Be that as it may, how human culture produce these necessities, who controls the items, the work and how the utilization them, all decide the sort of society we living at this point. Essentially in Marxist hypothesis, it stress that in a general public ought not have free enterprise framework which known as social class. It should change to communism since it out of line and everybody of us are the equivalent in this way we should regard every others as the equivalent as well. Additionally, society should make a move so as to cancel this framework, for example, unrest. On the off chance that free enterprise framework doesn't abrogate, it could obliterate the human life since when the entrepreneurs getting increasingly more impressive it implies those working individuals or slave will always been misuse by them. Neo Marxist Neo-Marxist is a political framework or imagined that vary from each somewhat as far as belief systems. Neo-Marxist is a hypothesis that shaped dependent on humanism and vision of Marxist hypothesis. It was framed in the late of 20 century that used to alter or degree Marxist hypothesis when they saw the disappointment of average workers insurgency in western Europe. They deciphered these disappointments is because of absence of adherence of the genuine Marxist hypothesis and absence of comprehension of winning social conditions. There are a few thoughts and ways of thinking that utilized in Neo-Marxist depends on Marxist including basic hypothesis, for example, communism and socialism. Model that Neo-Marxist hypothesis incorporate is Weberian humanism and Herbert Marcuse hypothesis. Frankfurt schools is an of Neo-Marxist social hypothesis, it actualize numerous new belief system that molded the sociological and monetary elevate of society. Neo-Marxist accentuate more on mental freedom rather than political upheaval and subsequently closer to rebellion than communism or socialism. In Neo-Marxist view, classes divisions under private enterprise are a higher priority than sexual orientation/sex divisions or issues in race and ethnicity. All together for Neo-Marxists to do changes in social state of Marx’s hypothesis they ‘choose the pieces of Marx’s imagined that may explain social condition that were absent when Marx was alive. They filled in what they saw to be oversights in Marxism with thoughts from another schools thought’ (McCarthy,2006) Neo-Marxist encase a gathering of convictions that have normal dismissal of monetary or class determinism and a confidence in the semiautonomy of the social circle. A large portion of the sociology, history and abstract examination work inside business people classifications and Neo-Marxist depends on the all out political financial social framework. Contrasts among Marxist and Neo-Marxist Most of the individuals consider that Neo-Marxist belief system are kind of polar inverse to Marxist. In any case, really them two are identified with one another or it could be said as they are from same group of belief systems. Neo-Marxist hypothesis are the posterity of the traditional Marxist hypothesis. In spite of the fact that they have likenesses yet there are a few contrasts and recognizing highlight between this two hypothesis. Fundamentally, Marxist points is to accomplish the fairness between individuals particularly those rich and poor. Marxist has its firm roots in history and it depends on the historical backdrop of the general public in the past Marxist lays its belief systems for the elevate of the general public. Marxist hypothesis are unequivocally have faith in the execution of its hypothetical understandings and anticipates down to earth relevance willingly. Accordingly, this is the principle distinction among Marxist and Neo-Marxist or some other arrangement of the political idea so far as that is concerned. The greater part of the political master accept that Marxist is the establishment for the arrangement of a few political considerations, for example, Leninism, Socialism and other financial framework and thought incorporate Neo-Marxist. Other than that, Neo-Marxist do have a few thoughts and methods of reasoning from Marxist including the basic hypothesis idea, therapy and other related belief systems. There are case of Neo-Marxist hypothesis from Weberian human science and Herbert Marcuse hypothesis. Neo-Marxist hypothesis didn't scatter all the traditional Marxist yet shed some light on the old style hypothesis by thinking about new perspectives and thought. The greater part of the thoughts or perspectives are create by weber and he center more around social impact eradication monetary persecution as well as social mistreatment. They contended that Marx knew the monetary division as predominant, yet he overlooked the argumentative procedures inside it, for example, governmental issues, broad communications, religion and others. While, Neo-Ma

Is It Wrong To Cheat A Sucker Essays - Fraud, Telemarketing Fraud

Is It Wrong to Cheat a Sucker? The Gloucester County Office of Consumer Affairs, in organization with the Federal Trade Commission, is propelling another surge against telemarketing extortion and different methods for requesting clowning around. People are reaching individuals on the phone professing to speak to a foundation or raising support association, when they either don't speak to a cause by any means, or just a little level of the cash will really go towards the foundation. Different tricks include 900 lines, dating administrations, and travel bundles. The telemarketers utilize an assortment of strategies to convince the buyer to buy the merchandise they are attempting to sell, going from somewhat slippery to without a doubt deceitful. The topic of morals comes in to play here when one must ask himself whether it is okay to swindle somebody not brilliant enough to check the real factors and instruct themselves against being cheated? Taking a gander at the present society, individuals will in general wonder and here and there even cheer at the individuals who can exploit the mentally tested and turn a benefit. One of the best specialists on the planet, Bill Gates, sits at the highest point of his seat simply because he was keen enough to take programming thoughts from his companions. Microsoft's Windows depends on innovation made by Xerox, yet Gates is hailed as the virtuoso who made the program. Was it wrong for Bill Gates to misuse what he saw was a chance to skyrocket to the top? It was not off-base on the off chance that he took a gander at the model set out by our ancestors. At the point when Christopher Columbus initially cruised to the New World, he thought that it was possessed by a race of individuals who had been here for some, numerous years. The Native Americans held case to and possessed the land that would before long be taken over by Europeans and changed totally for eternity. The Europeans cheated and cheated the Native Americans and utilized numerous methods for dishonesty to get the land. Before long the Native Americans had no land and nothing to appear for it. This has come to be the model on what America has rely on throughout the years. The old line of natural selection despite everything figures out how to sound accurate today. In the event that one man is savvy and another isn't, at that point it appears to be just legitimate that the brilliant man would attempt to instruct the man who isn't shrewd. Now and again words are insufficient, and exercises must be learned by encountering outcomes. There is an old axiom that says: A simpleton and his cash will before long section. A moronic man who is cheated out of his cash might be destitute, yet in the process he picks up something more important than money ? information. Basically, the more brilliant man who duped him really earned whatever cash he got as an instructor to the next man, in light of the fact that whenever that man procures cash, he will be somewhat more cautious with what he does with it. Another maxim says: Idiot me once, disgrace on you. Nitwit me twice, disgrace on me. Only by committing errors can individuals find out about existence and how to be better individuals. The specialist frequently will give the purchaser the hard sell and attempt to pressure him into settling on an on the spot choice. Companion pressure and forcing individuals into exploiting one time in particular open doors may not be taken a gander at as the most moral strategies for charisma by all, yet the reality remains that on the off chance that an individual is too frail to even think about saying no, at that point it is nobody's deficiency yet his own. On the off chance that anything, encounters with telemarketers, for example, these will go about as activities in building a solid will and later on will empower an individual to either deny the offer or essentially hang up the telephone. Nobody is holding the purchaser's originally conceived kid prisoner, however rather essentially causes their proposal to appear as though a superior arrangement than it might in reality be. Rash decisions are perilous, and telemarketers are working superbly of aiding those uninformed of this to at long last become mindful. Surely it would ideal to live in a perfect existence where no debasement and no insidiousness existed. In an ideal society, individuals would

My Favorites Spots in Downtown Champaign

My Favorites Spots in Downtown Champaign As Im finishing up my undergrad career here at Illinois, I made it a point to visit as many restaurants as I could in Downtown Champaign. While campus is beautiful in itself, venturing out to downtown can allow you to discover hidden gems of the town. Watson’s For the best fried chicken you can get in Champaign! Seven Saints I’ve taken my parents here every time they’ve visited and also, it’s a great date spot for when you meet that special someone (speaking from experience, of course). Jupiter’s Tuesday nights are my favorite when all their delicious, gourmet pizzas are half off! Pour Bros If you want to unwind with some friends, hit up Pour Bros and try the variety of drinks they have to offer! Exploring the local spots in Champaign has been one of the best experiences of my life, and I hope you all can experience the same! Reply with your comments, suggestions, and thoughts on these restaurants, and others as well! community food Kripa Class of 2020 I'm majoring in Psychology, minoring in Spanish, and pursuing a pre-dental track. It seems like I’m all over the place, but that’s what I like about college! I get to choose to study what I’m interested in, and I’m happy to be doing just that at Illinois.

Comparing All Quiet On The Western Front, The Wars, and A...

All Quiet On The Western Front, The Wars, and A Farewell To Arms Any and all events in ones life may change a person profoundly, but the effect may not always be as expected. For instance, situations of despair may cause feelings of depression and uncertainty to develop in an individual, as would likely be expected. However, those same situations could ultimately lead to a sense of fulfilment or enlightenment. In the novels All Quiet On The Western Front by Erich Remarque, The Wars by Timothy Findley, and A Farewell To Arms by Ernest Hemmingway, the varying possibilities of the effects of war on an individual are clearly displayed. In All Quiet On The Western Front, Paul Baumer finds the war has changed not only the way he views†¦show more content†¦That aspect of his previous life seems unreal and incomprehensible, perhaps even vague because since he came to the war he feels cut off from his early life. It is as if he has lost the person he used to be. Not only does Paul feel he has lost himself as he used to be, but he also believes tha t he would not be able to recapture his past, even if given the chance: †¦these memories of former times do not awaken desire so much as sorrow†¦Once we had such desires-but they return not. They are past, they belong to another world that is gone from us. (Remarque, pg.106). From this quote it is clear that Paul feels his childhood is out of reach. He has lost his desire to recapture his memories, perhaps recognising that they may not mean all that much to him now anyway, due to the fact that he feels he has already lost the world those memories originated from. When Paul returns home on leave, he realises that it may not be him losing a previous world of memories, rather the previous world is losing him: I cannot feel at home amongst these things†¦There is a distance, a veil between us. (Remarque, Pg.139). Paul feels out of place when he returns home, reinforcing his fears that the war has changed him irreversibly. As Paul recognises this occurring change througho ut the novel, his thoughts and actions become reclusive. After killing an enemy soldier in battle, the effects of the war on his sense ofShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagessituates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a

Torralba and Ambrona - Lower Paleolithic Sites in Spain

Torralba and Ambrona are two open-air Lower Paleolithic (Acheulean) sites located two kilometers (about 1 mile) apart on the Ambrona River in the Soria region of Spain, 150 km (93 mi) northeast of Madrid, Spain. The sites are at ~1100-1150 meters (3600-3750 feet) above sea level on either side of the Masegar river valley. Both were thought by excavators F. Clark Howell and Leslie Freeman to contain important evidence for 300,000-year-old hunting and butchering of mammoth by Homo erectus—a pretty revolutionary idea for the 1960s. More recent investigations and developing technologies have shown that Torralba and Ambrona do not have identical stratigraphies, and were occupied at least 100,000 years apart. Further, research has rejected much of Howell and Freemans ideas of the site. Although Torralba and Ambrona turned out not at all to be what their primary excavators thought, the importance of the two sites lies in the notion of ancient butchering and how that stimulated the development of techniques to define what evidence would support that type of behavior. Recent research at Ambrona has also supported the North African origin for the Iberian Acheulean during the Middle Pleistocene. Cutmarks and Taphonomy Howell and Freeman believed that the two sites represented the mass killing and butchering of extinct elephants, deer, and cows that took place at the side of a lake approximately 300,000 years ago. Elephants were driven into the marshes by fire, they hypothesized, then dispatched with wooden spears or stones. Acheulean bifaces and other stone tools were then used to batter open the animal skulls; sharp-edged flakes were used to slice meat and disarticulate joints. American archaeologist Lewis Binford, writing about the same time, argued that although the evidence didnt support butchering or killing, it did support scavenging behavior: but even Binford didnt have the technological advances that have dissolved the previous interpretations. Howell based his argument for hunting and butchery on the presence of cutmarks—longitudinal slices evident in the surfaces of the bones. This argument was tested in a seminal article by American archaeologists Pat Shipman and Jennie Rose, whose microscopic investigations first began to define the diagnostic features of cut marks. Shipman and Rose found that there was a very small percentage of genuine cutmarks in the bone assemblages, accounting for less than 1% of the bones they looked at. In 2005, Italian archaeologist Paolo Villa and colleagues described further taphonomic studies of the faunal assemblage from Ambrona and concluded that while bone and stone artifacts show varying degrees of mechanical abrasion, there is no clear evidence of either hunting or butchery. Animal Bone and Tool Assemblages Animal bone from the Lower Complex levels from Ambrona (dated to 311,000-366,000 based on Uranium Series-Electron Spin Resonance U/ESR) are dominated by extinct elephant bone (Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus), deer (Dama cf. dama and Cervus elaphus), horse (Equus caballus torralbae) and cattle (Bos primigenius). Stone tools from both sites are associated with the Acheulean tradition, although there are very few of them. According to Howell and Freemans two sets of excavations, ivory points were found at both sites: Torralbas assemblages included 10 and Ambrona 45, all made from elephant tusks. However, Villa and DErricos 2001 investigations of those points revealed a broad variability in length, width, and stem length, inconsistent with patterned tool production. Based on the presence of eroded surfaces, Villa and DErrico concluded that none of the points are indeed points at all, but rather are natural remnants of elephant tusk breakage. Stratigraphy and Dating A close examination of the assemblages indicates that they were likely disturbed. Torralba assemblages, in particular, appear disturbed, with up to one-third of the bones exhibiting edge-rounding, a characteristic thought to be the result of the erosive effects of having been rolled in water. Both occupations are large in area, but with a low density of artifacts, suggesting that the smaller and lighter elements have been removed, again suggesting dispersal by water, and surely by a combination of displacement, redeposition, and perhaps mixing between adjacent levels. Research at Torralba and Ambrona Torralba was discovered during installation of a railway in 1888 and first excavated by the Marques de Cerralbo in 1907–1911; he also discovered the Ambrona site. The two sites were first systematically excavated by F. Clark Howell and Leslie Freeman in 1961–1963 and again in 1980–1981. A Spanish team led by Santonja and Perez-Gonzalez ran an interdisciplinary research project at Ambrona between 1993–2000, and again between 2013–2015. The most recent excavations at Ambrona have been part of work identifying evidence for an African origin of the Acheulean stone tool industry in the Iberian peninsula between MIS 12-16. Ambronas levels dated to MIS 11 included characteristic Acheulean handaxes and cleavers; other sites supporting an African Acheulean include Gran Dolina and Cuesta de la Bajada among others. This represents, say Santonja and colleagues, evidence of an influx of African hominids across the straits of Gibraltar approximately 660,000-524,000 years ago. Sources Falguà ¨res C, Bahain J-J, Pà ©rez-Gonzà ¡lez A, Mercier N, Santonja M, and Dolo J-M. 2006. The Lower Acheulian site of Ambrona, Soria (Spain): ages derived from a combined ESR/U-series model. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:149–157.Postigo-Mijarra JM, Gà ³mez-Manzaneque F, and Morla C. 2017. Woody macroremains from the Acheulian site of Torralba: Occurrence and palaeoecology of Pinus cf. sylvestris in the Middle Pleistocene of the Iberian Peninsula. Comptes Rendus Palevol 16(3):225–234.Shipman P, and Rose J. 1983. Evidence of butchery and hominid activities at Torralba and Ambrona; an evaluation using microscopic techniques. Journal of Archaeological Science 10(5):465–474.Santonja M, Pà ©rez-Gonzà ¡lez A, Panera J, Rubio-Jara S, and Mà ©ndez-Quintas E. 2016. The coexistence of Acheulean and Ancient Middle Palaeolithic techno-complexes in the Middle Pleistocene of the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International 411(Part B):367-377.Santonja M, Rubio-Ja ra S, Panera J, Sà ¡nchez-Romero L, Tarrià ±o A, and Pà ©rez-Gonzà ¡lez A. 2017. Ambrona revisited: The Acheulean lithic industry in the Lower Stratigraphic Complex. Quaternary International: In press.Villa P, Soto E, Santonja M, Pà ©rez-Gonzà ¡lez A, Mora R, Parcerisas J, and Sesà © C. 2005. New data from Ambrona: closing the hunting versus scavenging debate. Quaternary International 126–128:223–250. doi:

Coopertaive Learning Free Essays

string(27) " of three to four members\." Cooperative learning is a teaching method used by educators in all grade levels, in all areas of curriculum, and there are many different ways that cooperative learning can be applied in the classroom. The use of cooperative learning centralizes on the goal of getting students to understand the material presented. Cooperative learning allows students to communicate their ideas with each other, brainstorm responses or ideas, and work together to solve problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Coopertaive Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now The importance of students becoming more involved with the learning process has been emphasized and needs to be implemented in classrooms around the globe (Ross, Seaborn, Wilson, 2002). Multiple studies have been conducted on student-lead learning groups and the results are supportive of cooperative learning. â€Å"Research on cooperative learning is one of the greatest success stories in the history of educational research† (Slavin R. E. , Comprehensive approaches to cooperative learning, 1991). The enthusiasm for cooperative learning is widespread and this paper will explore the history and methods of cooperative learning. The strategy of cooperative learning was developed to reduce competition in American schools (Knowles, 1971). Knowles explains that in 1959 James Coleman sought to reduce competition in American schools, which he deemed to be a negative component to the education system (1971). Coleman conducted a two-year study of students at nine Midwest high schools and developed what he called a â€Å"climate of values† for the â€Å"adolescent society† in which he conducted his study. Based on his findings and research, Coleman suggested that instead of encouraging competition in a classroom setting, which he stated he felt impedes the process of education, schools should introduce a more cooperative approach to instruction (Knowles, 1971). Many researchers have since elaborated on the work of James Coleman. Currently, some of the most published researchers in the field are as follows: Dr. Robert Slavin, Dr. Spencer Kagan, David and Roger Johnson. Each of these researchers has developed theories and strategies that can be used to effective implement cooperative learning. Dr. Robert Slavin suggests cooperative learning for enhancing student achievement focuses on two important elements: group goals and individual accountability (Slavin R. E. , Synthesis of research on cooperative learning, 1991). Dr. Slavin reported that when group goals and individual accountability are used, achievement effects of cooperative learning are consistently positive (Slavin R. E. , Synthesis of research on cooperative learning, 1991). Dr. Slavin noted that positive results from the implementation of cooperative learning could be found at all grade levels, in all major subjects, and in rural, urban and suburban schools (Slavin R. E. , Synthesis of research on cooperative learning, 1991). Dr. Slavin goes on to state that the effects of cooperative education are equally positive for all levels of achievers (Slavin R. E. , Synthesis of research on cooperative learning, 1991). It is also important to mention that Dr. Slavin has found that the positive effects of cooperative learning have been found in areas such as the following: self-esteem, intergroup relations, acceptance of accountability, handicapped students, attitudes toward school and the ability to work cooperatively (Slavin R. E. , Synthesis of research on cooperative learning, 1991). Dr. Spencer Kagan’s model of cooperative learning advocates for two basic principles. Dr. Kagan states, â€Å"The world is not just competitive and in some important respects is becoming less so; I do not advocate exclusive use of cooperative learning methods, but rather a healthy balance of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic classroom structures to prepare students for the full range of social situations† (Kagan, 1999). Dr. Kagan’s structures stress positive interpersonal peer relationships, equality, self-esteem and achievement. Dr. Kagan reported that cooperative learning teaches empathy and an understanding of those who are different from oneself by building ethnic relation between students. In addition, Dr. Kagan has credited cooperative learning with increasing students’ higher level thinking skills (Kagan, 1999). Dr. Kagan stresses his ideas by stating, â€Å"At an accelerating rate we move into a rapidly changing information-based, high -technology, and interdependent economy. Along with the traditional role of providing students with basic skills and information, increasingly schools must produce students capable of higher-level thinking skills, communication skills, and social skills† (Kagan, 1999). David and Roger Johnson have identified five basic elements of cooperative learning. Johnson and Johnson state these pillars of cooperative learning to be the following: individual accountability, positive interdependence, face-to-face promotive interaction, social skills and group processing (Johnson Johnson, Making cooperative learning work, 1999). Johnson and Johnson have reported that it is critical for teachers to understand the five basic elements of cooperative learning. Johnson and Johnson state that understanding and developing the five elements, â€Å"†¦allows teachers to (a) adapt cooperative learning to their unique circumstances, needs, and students, (b) fine tune their use of cooperative learning, and (c) prevent and solve problems students have in working together (Johnson Johnson, Making cooperative learning work, 1999). Johnson and Johnson also stress that cooperative learning ensures all students are meaningfully and actively involved in learning, which will limit disruptive, off-task behaviors in the classroom. Cooperative learning is thought of as a versatile method of instruction that can be used in a variety of ways. Cooperative learning groups can be implemented to teach specific topic, to ensure knowledge and comprehension of information presented, or to provide long-term support for academic proces s (Slavin Madden, 2001). Formal cooperative learning groups are created to achieve a specific purpose, have fixed members and can have duration of one class period or several weeks. Johnson and Johnson describe formal cooperative learning groups as consisting of students working together to achieve a shared learning goal (Johnson Johnson, Making cooperative learning work, 1999). Informal cooperative learning groups are typically temporary and do not have fixed members. Johnson and Johnson state that, â€Å"During a lecture, demonstration, or film, informal cooperative learning can be used to (a) focus student attention on the material being learned, (b) set a mood conductive to learning, (c) help set expectations as to what will be covered in a class session, (d) ensure that students cognitively process material being taught, and (e) provide closure to an instructional session. † (Johnson Johnson, Making cooperative learning work, 1999). Cooperative based groups are long term, heterogeneous, and consist of three to four members. You read "Coopertaive Learning" in category "Papers" Johnson and Johnson describe cooperative based groups as base groups. Johnson and Johnson state, â€Å"Base groups give the support, encouragement, and assistance each member needs to make academic progress and develop cognitively and socially in healthy ways. Base groups meet daily in elementary school and twice a week in secondary school. They are permanent and provide the long-term caring peer relationships necessary to influence members consistently to work hard in school (Johnson Johnson, Making cooperative learning work, 1999). In order for these types of cooperative learning group to be successful, it is essential for the five basic elements identified by Johnson and Johnson to be included. The basic elements are often referenced by the acronym â€Å"PIGS FACE†. If these elements are not incorporated then cooperative learning is not taking place. The five basic elements are outlined below with a description following each term. Positive interdependence is the percepti on gains that of individuals or groups are linked, so that one cannot succeed unless everyone is successful (Kagan, 1999) (Johnson Johnson, Making cooperative learning work, 1999). Individual accountability exists when each individual group member is assessed and results are given back to the student and the group. Individual accountability tests for understanding from individuals and prevents one member of the group from performing all the work (Johnson Johnson, Making cooperative learning work, 1999). Group processing exists when group members converse on the group achievement and individual achievement of goals. Group processing allows students to work through and difficulties relating to each other or the achievement of the group (Johnson Johnson, Making cooperative learning work, 1999). Social skills are the skills cooperative education groups need to develop to effectively work together and maintain the group (Slavin Madden, 2001). It fosters the growth of social skills that are needed to succeed in the classroom, workplace and community in individuals that are socially unskilled (Orlich, Harder, Callahan, Trevisan, Brown, 2010). Face-to-face promotive interaction promotes each group member’s success through helping, assisting, supporting, and encouraging each member to be successful (Johnson Johnson, Making cooperative learning work, 1999). Once the five basic elements of cooperative learning have been addressed, the teacher can implement cooperative learning strategies in the classroom. There are wide varieties of cooperative learning strategies and a few are described below. Think-Pair-Share as described by Dr. Slavin, â€Å"This is a four-step discussion strategy that incorporates wait time and aspects of cooperative learning. Students and teachers learn to listen while a question is posed, think of a response, pair with a neighbor to discuss responses, and share their responses with the whole class. (Slavin R. E. , Comprehensive approaches to cooperative learning, 1991). Jigsaw as described by Dr. Kagan, â€Å"Students are divided into competency groups of four to six students, each of which is given a list of subtopics to research. Individual members of each group then break off to work with the â€Å"experts† from other groups, researching a part of the material being studied, after which they return to their starting body in the role of instructor for their subcategory. (Kagan, 1999) Student Team Achievement Divisions is a teaching method that is made up of five major components including a whole group presentation, student practice teams, quizzes on the presented information, setting goals for improved achievement levels, and team recognition based on performance (Slavin R. E. , Comprehensive approaches to cooperative learning, 1991). Roundtable is a strategy that can be used for brainstorming, reviewing or practicing while fostering teambuilding. There are two variations of roundtable that a teacher and use in the classroom. In sequential form, students are in groups of three or more with one-piece of paper and one writing instrument. The teacher poses a question that can have multiple answers. Students take turns writing their answer on the paper and passing the paper around the group. When time is called, the group with the most answers listed is recognized. In simultaneous form each student starts with a piece of paper, writes an answer and passes the paper, so multiple papers are being passed at once (Kagan, 1999). The three-step interview is a structured group activity. Students take turns being the interviewer and interviewee. Pairs then join to form groups of four. Students take turns introducing their partners and share what they learned from their partners (Kagan, 1999). Although aforementioned strategies are imperially based, there is a discussion-taking place about the value of cooperative learning. Most educators agree that cooperative learning celebrates diversity by allowing students to work with all types of people and allows students to acknowledge individual differences (Ross, Seaborn, Wilson, 2002). Research has shown that cooperative learning can benefit student’s interpersonal development and provide more opportunities for personal feedback (Ross, Seaborn, Wilson, 2002). In addition, researchers have found that cooperative learning actively engages students in learning and there is a variety of methods available for teachers to use (Johnson, Johnson, Stanne, Cooperative learning methods: A meta-analysis, 2000). Some critics of cooperative learning suggest that group work is an avoidance of teaching. They stress that cooperative learning places the burden of being responsible for each other’s learning on group members (Ross, Seaborn, Wilson, 2002). Some research has shown that lower achieving students could potentially fall behind due to a passive nature or lack of self-confidence in the group. If high achieving students dominate group activities and discussions, lower achieving students might feel uncomfortable and isolated from the group, which could lead to the learning opportunity passing by them (Ross, Seaborn, Wilson, 2002). Johnson, Johnson and Stanne summarize the research on cooperative learning in this way, â€Å"Knowing that cooperative learning can significantly increase student achievement when properly implemented does not mean, however, that all operationalizations of cooperative will be effective or that all operationalizations will be equally effective. † (Johnson, Johnson, Stanne, Cooperative learning methods: A meta-analysis, 2000) In conclusion, cooperative learning is an instructional approach that has been shown to promote a variety of positive cognitive, affective, and social outcomes. The intent of cooperative learning is to foster academic achievement through student discussions, learning from each other and dividing tasks to align with student strengths. I feel that cooperative learning gives students an opportunity to establish a group culture and work within the constraints of that culture. I believe that students will carry this cultural paradigm into adulthood. I also believe that cooperative learning promotes diversity and cross-cultural friendships. Through cooperative learning, I believe schools can play a significant role in reducing racism, prejudice and discrimination in the larger society. How to cite Coopertaive Learning, Papers

Disability and Community Life-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Choose one form of disability and community life and highlight the barriers and solutions mainly in Australia and some problems widely. Answer: Disability Employment Disability The employment barriers in Australia are quite significant factors for the service professionals. The most significant employment barriers are: Discriminative behaviour at the workplace. Lack of knowledge regarding the workplace rights. Lack of proper flexibility. Mismanagement of the superannuation process (Morris et al., 2014). Issues with the workplace conditions and environments. The issues with these areas are the major considerable factors in managing the employment factors in Australia. However, it can be inferred that the employees require gathering the adequate knowledge regarding the workplace rights and policies. The elimination of the discriminative attitudes would be much helpful in mitigating the issues with the employment barriers. Community Life Education life in Community It is notable Australia is one of the most developed and wealthiest countries in world. People received the adequate supports for their education from the community. In spite of such benefits received for the educational life, some of the significant barriers or disadvantages in Australian community still exist. The most recognizable barriers to the education life in Australia are: The level of the remoteness is the significant barrier since the students in the remote areas are consistently outperformed due to proper guidance. The diverse socio-economic class is also a considerable reason for the barriers to the education process (Mtebe Raisamo, 2014). It is noticed that the indigenous group of students consistently scoring lower grades that is quite important factor to be taken into account. Gathering the proper knowledge about the educational rights and providing the proper government supports can be beneficial in mitigating the issues with the educational factor. References Morris, A., Waghorn, G., Robson, E., Moore, L., Edwards, E. (2014). Implementation of evidence-based supported employment in regional Australia.Psychiatric rehabilitation journal,37(2), 144. Mtebe, J. S., Raisamo, R. (2014). Investigating perceived barriers to the use of open educational resources in higher education in Tanzania.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,15(2).

Whirlpool Corporation Essay Example

Whirlpool Corporation Essay Whirlpool Corporation is the premier constructor and marketer of appliances in the world. Principal goods encompass laundry appliances, refrigerators, preparing nourishment appliances, dishwashers, and mixers and other little house appliances. Whirlpool markets and circulates appliances under diverse emblem titles for example Whirlpool, Maytag, KitchenAid, and Jenn-Air to retailers, vendors, and builders. Whirlpool Corporation furthermore deals goods to other manufacturers, vendors and retailers for resale under their emblem titles in North America (Goldsmith Carter, 2010).1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss what factors emerged at Whirlpool that impacted its talent needs.The growth, size, scale of the business was the foremost factor that emerged the need for new skill sets and capabilities for successful competition (Kapferer, 1997). Since the business was set to grow enormously, the consumer demands were augmenting and to meet these dema nds it was necessary that innovative and technology savvy people were hired to work. However, since the competition level was unmatched, Whirlpool had difficulties finding such talent due to increasing desire by competing companies (Goldsmith Carter, 2010).2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss how expanding globally changed the talent requirements at Whirlpool.The greatest talent challenge faced by Whirlpool Corporation is staying ahead of the demand curve. Whirlpool is in the enviable position of doubling revenues over the last six years. It needs to manage both increased execution expectations as well as more and more competition in the global marketplace (Goldsmith Carter, 2010).With skill shortages and an aging workforce, Whirlpool Corporation must have the right technology in place to attract the best talent from Indiana to India.   In order to meet these challenges, technology and innovation must play a very dramatic role in Whirlpo ol’s human capital management initiatives.   Whirlpool drives innovation from all over the world and across all segments of its business. Whirlpool employees worldwide contribute to innovation-re ­lated activities resulting in new ideas, products, and services that deliver real value to consumers in ways never-before seen in the home appliance indus ­try (Goldsmith Carter, 2010).Whirlpool is using innovative processes and technology to build a world-class employment brand and to find top talent that is a good fit for the company. Talent drives the business and the company is finding, hiring and retaining the best. Employees love working at Whirlpool Corporation because it’s innovative, exciting and rewarding (Denison, 2001).3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss how Whirlpool used its Leadership Model to manage its talent.With the use of expertise and discovery, Whirlpool Corporation is adept to appeal the peak gifts they require to rendezvous the dispute of residing before the demand curve. The company’s achievement can be assessed in how very fast they at ­tract and enlist gifts, an expanded occurrence on school campuses to get that demographic stimulated about an appliance business, and expanded concern in their authority development program. They’ve glimpsed submissions to the vocation website for Leadership Development Programs triple over the past two years.Leadership Model was exclusively created for Whirlpool. This was based on the past and present position of the company and where the company was forecasted to be in future (Kapferer, 1997).The Model proposed a perfect assessment tool for all leaders at Whirlpool. The Leadership Model turned out to be a baseline for bringing out leadership qualities from the employees at Whirlpool. The four competencies namely, Though Leadership, Extraordinary Results, Driver of Change and Attracting, Engaging and Developing Talent were the pr emise of the Model under which people assessed were almost always successful (Goldsmith Carter, 2010).4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss how Whirlpool used metrics to improve the quality of talent hired.By now, most HR professionals have gotten a handle on   rudimentary HR metrics, for example   how long it takes to   charter persons and how much it charges to convey   them on board. Now, HR managers are discovering the stimulating opportunity of how their workforce, and each partition or group of workers, assists to their organization’s economic goals. They are graduating from HR department metrics to organization wide human capital metrics (Denison, 2001).Whirlpool Corporation’s quality of hire metric employed for talent management was a tool to gauge the efficacy of various sources especially the assessment capabilities and MAP (Master Assessor Program). The results of this quality of talent will be taken to make the final decision regarding the hiring and not hiring of an individual. This hire metric proved to give positive results indicated that MAP process had a considerably good impact on the quality of people hired (Goldsmith Carter, 2010).5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss future consideration at Whirlpool related to managing and sustaining talent.Whirlpool, with the success of master assessor program, decides to develop a MAP Level II training program. This will help in employees to learn their core competencies and develop new skills in order to perform more productively. This level is more responsive to leadership competencies and top talent indicators.   This will help in acquiring internal and external assessment.Whirlpool has turned out be an intriguing name for people that are employed and also those looking for a job and this pertain to overall authority in business. HR managers in associations work on this responsibility and execu te unbelievably well at organization’s transformation. The future is all set for Whirlpool to develop leadership talents through the MAP Level II assessor (Goldsmith Carter, 2010).ReferencesDenison, D. R. (2001). Managing organizational change in transition economies. Routledge Psychology Press.Goldsmith, M., Carter, L. (2010). Best practices in talent management: How the world’s Leading corporations manage, develop, and retain top talent. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.Kapferer, J.-N. (1997). Strategic Brand Management: Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity Long Term. Kogan Page.

10 Things You Shouldn’t Do When You’re Broke

10 Things You Shouldn’t Do When You’re Broke Whether being broke is a permanent state for you, or you’re just passing through a bit of hardship, there are a few lifestyle adjustments it would be prudent for you to make in order to not end up in a mountain of debt. Being broke is also incredibly stressful- you’re constantly worried about your bank balance and how you’ll afford necessary purchases. Why add to the stress?Here is a list of good things to avoid doing if you’re having trouble making ends meet.1. SmokeSeriously. Apart from the fact that it will eventually give you cancer (aka huge medical bills), it’s incredibly expensive to keep up. You’ll live longer and find you have a lot more spending money week to week.2. DrugsDon’t smoke anything else either. People can tell and won’t hire you. You’ll have to constantly worry about passing random or job-related drug tests, and you’ll be spending a lot of money you just don’t have.3. Join a GymFitness i s a great thing, but can be achieved much more cheaply than by getting a monthly (spendy) gym membership. Go running. Do push-ups and crunches. Try the Scientific 7-Minute Workout. Find yoga videos for free on YouTube. Figure out how to exercise for free- it’s super simple these days.4. Look Down on WorkAs long as someone’s job is legal and ethical, it’s no business of yours to look down on it. Maybe you should even consider the service industry. Answer phones, wait tables, clean houses. Just get yourself back on your feet.5. Make ExcusesChances are it’s your responsibility. Unless you’re caring for a sick loved one or facing enormous medical bills yourself, you probably were just living beyond your means. Own the position you’re in and take action to dig yourself out of your financial hole.6. Take Unnecessary VacationsIf you can’t keep up with your rent or car payments, then whatever extra cash you think you have for trips or weekend s away should probably be put to more constructive use. Don’t be flagrant when you can’t afford to be.7.  Go Out to EatAvoid restaurants. You can’t afford them. Seriously. Cook for yourself and bring your lunch- leftovers are your friend. That goes for buying coffee as well; get to know your Mr. Coffee- your new regular coffee shop! If you must go to a movie, smuggle cheaper snacks in in your handbag instead of shelling out for concession prices.8. Upgrade Your StuffNow isn’t the time to get a nicer car or move to a nicer neighborhood. You can’t afford the extra cash you’d need to get this done- or the loan payments. Stick with your station for a while longer until you can afford to move up.9. Ignore the BillsYou may cringe whenever a new pile shows up in the mail, and want to hide under the covers and hope that all your bills just go away. But they won’t. Open them. Call the companies. Set up payment plans. Be proactive. It’ s much better than blissful ignorance- which can still eat you alive with stress.10. Create WasteDon’t drive anywhere further than you have to. Consolidate errands to consolidate gas. Don’t go on lavish dates- simple ones will do and are often more romantic anyway. Don’t waste water or gas or electricity in your home. Don’t pay to do anything you could do yourself (car washes, house cleanings, lawn mowing). And don’t take on any extra expenses that aren’t absolutely necessary. Actually reading that magazine? Probably not. Cancel cancel cancel.

The fundamental points at issue between the Keynesian and classical Essay - 1

The fundamental points at issue between the Keynesian and classical traditions in UK - Essay Example The Great Depression did last approximately for a decade. It was the period between early 1931 and March 1933 when the depression became great and spread to other nations. The period of Great Depression is mainly recalled for significant unemployment, massive poverty and political turbulence that it caused. For the period of 1931-1940, the rate of unemployment was hovering around 18 percent. During the period of Great Depression net investment was negative and there was a massive fall in consumer price index as well. Between 1929 and 1933, the consumer price index dropped by 25 percent approximately. (Dornbusch and Fischer, 1994) Classical economists did not provide any elaborate explanations for such a huge economic downturn in developed nations like UK, USA and others. However, Keynes has recognized unchecked market movement as the prime reason behind such a great economic downfall. Classical economists mainly focused on the supply side of the economy to search for reason for this depression. However, Keynes held the aggregate demand side of the economy with great importance and recommended counter cyclical fiscal measures to improve aggregate demand. During 1933-1937, some recovery took place in the economy. Real GNP experienced a rapid growth at a rate of almost 9 percent annually. This rapid growth in GNP, however, fell to make a significant fall in the rate of unemployment. In 1938, another economic recession struck the economy and pushed unemployment rate up to 20 percent once again. The Great Depression caused a number of nations to change their political structure as many economists including Keynes considered this severe recession a result of unchecked capitalism. (Dornbusch and Fischer, 1994) There are two major schools of thought in the field of macroeconomics- Keynesian and Classical. Like other developed nations, UK used to follow Classical policy tools to deal with its

International Intercultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

International Intercultural Management - Essay Example ncient times, many different matters are in the need to be managed, control of army, population management, religious matters, practices and management of culture across borders is a matter present from thousands of years. Corporations and business is changed in recent times, now even corporations are working globally and keeping cultures and philosophies part of the key factor which they consider while working globally. This world has become a global world and in order to make best out of the business world, no one can survive alone and these cultural barriers are also been broken. Domestic Market has started expanding globally and this globalization came with a huge responsibility of maintaining peace and harmony amongst different cultures and countries, this management is the key factor to reach the top of this corporate world. Advancements within the technologies associated with connection and also transportation, plus the lessening charges associated with production, brings about an increasing number of corporations benefiting from your developing accessibility associated with worldwide areas. Management of resources and all other business related matters around the world is becoming easy and cultural differences are becoming minor factor in growth and development. Leadership can be described as a position of a leader who guides others and being a good leader requires many qualities and a person who possesses such qualities can be a good leader. Good or bad leadership defines the success or failure of the particular country. Leadership is a very important pillar of a country, whole nation depends on the one pillar which makes or breaks a country. In broader perspective it can be said that leadership of a country is responsible success or failure of a country. Nigeria, Pakistan and China are different in terms of leadership and style of Government in these countries is diverse. Being a democratic country Nigeria has this negative image in terms of leaders

Some Issues Of Governance In Pakistan Economics Essay

Some Issues Of Governance In Pakistan Economics Essay Good governance is regarded as development agenda in Pakistan by each government while the public see governance as the major indicator for sustainable development. In this premise, good governance is known as one of the most decisive factor for thriving accomplishment of the strategic thrust, policies and programs. It is as an exercise of authority to manage a countrys affair at all levels to improve the quality of life of the people. It is a continuous process where divergent opinions and desires are satisfied through compromise and tolerance in a spirit of cooperative action for the mutual benefit of the larger whole.  [1]  According to World Bank and UNDP, governance has three dimensions; the political regime, the systems and procedures for exercising authority and the capacity of governments.  [2]  This paper discusses the underlying causes of weak governance and interaction between state institutions and citizens in Pakistan along with suggesting some policy options as minimum action needed for improvement. It is widely acknowledged by the academia that the state-machinery of government has contributed to the present state of affairs. Further, the federally-managed resources are obstacles for provinces to obtain the best value for money. Sincere civil servants are frustrated with cost ineffective systems and procedures; the general public is faced with an irresponsive and non accountable political and bureaucratic system while the entrepreneur is witnessed with a set of contradictory policies which further hinder his business. Briefly, both federation and provinces of Pakistan must bring about drastic changes to achieve economic growth and to improve the quality of life of its people. Conceptual Framework of Good Governance The term good governance is coined by the World Bank and its foundations rest on the principles of freedom, equality, justice and accountability. Philosophical literature and religious texts are full with the definitions and examples of both good and bad governance. The traces of good governance can be found in history which reports the downfall of nations due to bad governance and also gives lessons that how nations have risen to great heights because of good governance. At the moment, the concept of governance has been evolving from some narrow definition used by the World Bank as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a countrys economic and social resources to the broader definition adopted by the Commission on Global Governance as the sum of the many ways in which individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs.  [3]   Good Governance in the context of Pakistan, go beyond good politics. In Pakistan good governance must enable all the stakeholders to enhance economic growth, social development and a mechanism to sustain growth in the future. This can be achieved through civil services reforms, capacity building of institutions, improving and devolution of fiscal administration, increasing the role of the private sector and controlling unproductive public expenditures. All of these fall within four broad areas, namely, legislative framework, institutional capacity, efficiency and management.  [4]  Legislative framework is set of boundaries within which institutions, agencies and agents can operate and therefore addresses issues related to devolution, discretion and accountability. Institutional capacity identifies the ability of institutions, agencies and agents to identify policies ensure coherence and coordination and ensure compliance. While the efficiency addresses issues of resource generati on, expenditure planning, expenditure controls regulation and overall public administration to ensure the most effective use of resources. The last but not the least is management which addresses issues related to the proper use of systems and procedures and the mechanisms used for the development of the infrastructure and the delivery of services by ensuring that there is an equitable and transparent access to goods and services and protection of public interest from private intrusion. Legislative Framework Legislative issues are important and need to be addressed. Although constitution of Pakistan draws responsibilities between various tiers of government yet there are some areas where no clear-cut allocation of responsibilities is specified. Further, this lack of clarity creates fragments between the functions of various tiers of government and the services which should be delivered by the provincial governments are yet delivered by the centre. This change has not yet been brought in the future programmes. It requires designing of new mechanism for attaining this very objective. One of such mechanism is employing Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in making communities aware of their rights and responsibilities. They have been developed to some extent but are largely working as case studies. However, this role needs to be extended. There are also concerns about the legislations that it is passed without adequate drafting skills. Furthermore, some built-in provisions and powers to s et aside any mandatory requirement are more often used. These provisions are related with extreme cases of hardship but history is full of the examples where these provisions have been exploited for personal gains. In addition, discretionary quotas provide benefits to the few. These steps result in inefficient public institutions and further pave the way for corruption. In this outline, discretionary quotas followed by discretionary power should be the removed as a first objective. Institutional Capacity-building Although legislation is necessary for an efficient and transparent allocation of responsibilities yet without the corresponding capacity, no change may be forthcoming.  [5]  Contrary to it, government institutions are facing huge number of shortcomings. Coherent and coordinated policies are absent in public institutions while the current systems and procedures are outdated.  [6]  Although the mechanisms to ensure coordination do exist yet are not implemented. Further there is permanent hindrance in routine management while the existing staff is also inadequately trained.  [7]  All of these issues can be eliminated through capacity-building of institutions. There is an immense need of decentralization of functions which means that financial powers and administrative authority should be given to the lowest tier of government. But decentralization is not a cure-all for resolving Pakistans continuing crisis of governance. It has the potential of decreasing the distance between citizens and the state and thus enabling the government to be more responsive to local needs.  [8]  Simple transfer of power from centre to region in decentralization will fail to empower the people, and intensify the crisis of governance to new levels.  [9]   An irresponsive civil service needs reforms to make the civil servants answerable for their actions. History of Pakistan has only witnessed a notable reform in 1973. Apparently, it was a measure designed to enhance the professional quality of the cadre but it became a powerful means of political influence. The current inefficient and corrupt needs to be weeded out and staff skills need to be developed to use modern management techniques.  [10]  Simple attendance at courses operated by civil service training institutions does not constitute training. Civil servants must be required to show absorption of training skills by results in tests and examination, and this process should be very frequent. Efficiency There are number of ways to achieve efficiency. The use of appropriate mechanisms ensures the greatest value for money and this can be one way out. Further, pro-active legislation and use of information can ensure target-based management. The use of information technology through the development and implementation of standardized procedures could also become the cornerstone for change. While private sector participation can overcome a number of shortcomings in the development of infrastructure but this would result in excessive rents accruing only to the few agents.  [11]  The legislative framework establishes the boundaries within which the public-private partnership can take place. However, these laws will need to be translated into a workable and transparent regulatory framework. Most of the existing institutions are manned largely by staff without the knowledge and understanding needed to adapt to a rapidly changing operating environment. The international environment is in favor of the industrialized nations hence Pakistan needs to adopt a strategy which has been shown to be successful by the newly emerging industrial states, that is, the induction of the private sector from inception to implementation. In other words, Pakistan must include the private sector in all facets of dealing with the international community starting with preparation of position papers and underlying research, to actually negotiating access and, the subsequent supervision and management of the accord. Moreover, the general complaint with respect to Pakistans exports has been the absence of quality control. The private sector must ensure that this becomes a necessary condition for export. Towards this end, trade associations should be encouraged to establish and operate training centers and central quality control facilities, set standards which are mandatory, and establish a system of penalizing violators. Management Management can be divided into three broad categories; economic management, fiscal administration and expenditure management.  [12]  Economic management means efficient allocation of resources to ensure wide spread and equitable economic and social development of a nation. It is the basic responsibility of any government and this can only be achieved through good governance. Unfortunately, this has been a dream for not only the policy makers of Pakistan, but also of its people. Fiscal administration is another need of hour in Pakistan. Breakdown in economic governance results from the failure of governments to institute a progressive taxation structure. Today taxes are imposed on and collected from the poor. Large segments of civil society, particularly the rich remain inadequately taxed. Also there is exemption of tax on agricultural incomes and capital gains and the taxation structure creates inefficiency in the economies. Fiscal policy of Pakistan shows excess of tax holidays, exemptions and grants without an independent audit of assessment by outside agencies. A fundamental problem, however, is that the tax base remains narrow and a large proportion of direct taxes are collected as deductions at the source. Much of these shortcomings of tax administration can be reformed through broad systemic changes undertaken at all levels. The effectiveness of the change will depend on political support. The establishment of independent and autonomous Revenue Authorities with a market based pay structure with built-in rewards and penalties should be considered as the most viable vehicle for reform. Expenditure management is another important issue as planning and budgeting systems are deficient in Pakistan. This reduces transparency and accountability in the process of allocation and expenditure. Consultation in matters of taxation with vested interest groups has always existed but there is little external input in making the budget. Expenditure requests are not scrutinized by legislators and budgets are framed without a consistent macroeconomic framework. Medium to long-term expenditure plans are not prepared, neither are such frameworks established which results is no link between the composition of expenditures and the financing of the deficit to major economic parameters, such as growth and prices. Therefore, it erodes efficient allocation and effective management of the macro economy. End Result Corruption Mis-governance leads and breeds corruption in a number of ways, through bribery and extortion, nepotism, and fraud and embezzlement. It reduces the efficiency on which an economy depends, and by increasing the cost of investment, lowers the potential return. It also reduces the governments resources and hence its capacity for investment. Corruption in Pakistan is not a unique phenomenon. It occurs up stream and has wings which encourage flight of capital. Corruption has had adverse effects on human development and as Pakistan faces a scarcity of resources, it is unable to set up and enforce an effective legal framework to eradicate the corruption. According to Robert Klitgaard, who first devised the equation of corruption in 1988, corruption is a function of monopoly power, discretion, lack of accountability and low government salaries.  [13]   Corruption = f (Monopoly power, discretion, accountability, low government salaries) The combination of monopoly power and discretion alone is a disastrous combination. When linked to the absence of accountability and low legal earnings they become more than just lethal. One obvious mechanism to eliminate corruption would be to review legislation which helps breed corruption, such as through creating monopoly power, permitting discretion without checks and balances, places authority without responsibility. Parallel to this should be an effort to reform the judicial system generally. Another mechanism would be to introduce legislation which is effectively implemented through an impartial and independent authority. Corresponding changes in the laws of evidence and trial should allow for flexibility in procedures and rigour of evidence. The legislation alone is insufficient for eradication of corruption. At the same time the strength and independence of the judiciary must be secured. In summary, the action needed to eliminate corruption should include accountability from the top, setting up of national anti-corruption commissions and exclusive corruption courts, ending of unnecessary discretionary laws and ensuring transparency. Conclusion To ensure sustainable and equitable development the government must realize its role in economic development. This can only be achieved best through a realization that such a positive role requires not an expansion in the scale of government activity, but an increase in its effectiveness and a major reallocation of its resources. Poor governance is now recognizable. There is a failure to establish a framework of law and government behavior conduces to development, with a tendency to divert public resources for private gain. No arbitrariness in the application of rules and laws with excessively narrowly based decision making mechanisms only exacerbate the problem. Further the development in Pakistan can be achieved through political stability, stable macroeconomic environment, the outward-looking trade strategies, the quality of primary education, effective land reforms, credit reforms, a merit based efficient and competent bureaucracy, well-functioning institutions and development of core areas of comparative advantage. In sum, governance is a continuum; it does not automatically improve over time. Citizens need to demand good governance. Their ability to do so is only enhanced by awareness, education, and employment opportunities. The Government of Pakistan needs to be responsive to those demands. For change to be effective it must be embedded in the societies concerned and cannot be imposed from the outside. Notes

Objectivist Epistemology and Ayn Rand Essay

The starting point of Objectivist Epistemology is the principle, presented by Rand as a direct consequence of the metaphysical axiom that â€Å"Existence is Identity,† that Knowledge is Identification. Objectivist epistemology[9] studies how one can translate perception, i. e. , awareness acquired through the senses, into valid concepts that actually identify the facts of reality. Objectivism states that by the method of reason man can gain knowledge (identification of the facts of reality) and rejects philosophical skepticism. Objectivism also rejects faith and â€Å"feeling† as means of attaining knowledge. Although Rand acknowledged the importance of emotion in humans, she maintained that the existence of emotion was part of our reality, not a separate means of achieving awareness of reality. Rand was neither a classical empiricist (like Hume or the logical positivists) nor a classical rationalist (like Plato, Descartes, or Frege). She disagreed with the empiricists mainly in that she considered perception to be simply sensation extended over time, limiting the scope of perception to automatic, pre-cognitive awareness. Thus, she categorized so-called â€Å"perceptual illusions† as errors in cognitive interpretation due to complexity of perceptual data. She held that objective identification of the values of attributes of existents is obtained by measurement, broadly defined as procedures whose perceptual component, the comparison of the attribute’s value to a standard, is so simple that an error in the resulting identification is not possible given a focused mind. Therefore, according to Rand, knowledge obtained by measurement (the fact that an entity has the measured attribute, and the value of this attribute relative to the standard) is â€Å"contextually certain. † Ayn Rand’s most distinctive contribution in epistemology is her theory that concepts are properly formed by measurement omission. Objectivism distinguishes valid concepts from poorly formed concepts, which Rand calls â€Å"anti-concepts. † While we can know that something exists by perception, we can only identify what exists by measurement and logic, which are necessary to turn percepts into valid concepts. Procedural logic (defined by Rand as â€Å"the art of non-contradictory identification†) specifies that a valid concept is formed by omitting the variable measurements of the values of corresponding attributes of a set of instances or units, but keeping the list of shared attributes – a template with measurements omitted – as the criterion of membership in the conceptual class. When the fact that a unit has all the attributes on this list has been verified by measurement, then that unit is known with contextual certainty to be a unit of the given concept. [9] Because a concept is only known to be valid within the range of the measurements by which it was validated, it is an error to assume that a concept is valid outside this range, which is its (contextual) scope. It is also an error to assume that a proposition is known to be valid outside the scope of its concepts, or that the conclusion of a syllogism is known to be valid outside the scope of its premises. Rand ascribed scope violation errors in logic to epistemological intrinsicism. [9][4] Rand did not consider the analytic-synthetic distinction, including the view that there are â€Å"truths in virtue of meaning,† or that â€Å"necessary truths† and mathematical truths are best understood as â€Å"truths in virtue of meaning,† to have merit. She similarly denied the existence of a priori knowledge. Rand also considered her ideas distinct from foundationalism, naive realism about perception like Aristotle, or representationalism (i. e. , an indirect realist who believes in a â€Å"veil of ideas†) like Descartes or Locke. Objectivist epistemology, like most other philosophical branches of Objectivism, was first presented by Rand in Atlas Shrugged. [5] It is more fully developed in Rand’s 1967 Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. [9] Rand considered her epistemology and its basis in reason so central to her philosophy that she remarked, â€Å"I am not primarily an advocate of capitalism, but of egoism; and I am not primarily an advocate of egoism, but of reason. If one recognizes the supremacy of reason and applies it consistently, all the rest follows. â€Å"

Shocking Details About Hospital Volunteer Essay Samples Unveiled

Shocking Details About Hospital Volunteer Essay Samples Unveiled Locating a flat outside campus can be challenging and stressful for students. School volunteer job application letters could possibly be given by students and other academic officials who'd love to work during institutional pursuits which might be done with the intention of helping numerous entities, particularly during calamities and other unfavourable pure occurrences. As it's problematic for students to orientate quickly my work for a volunteer is to assist and consult students in the manner of locating a suitable apartment including all the required by every student conditions. It's feasible for students to reside out of campus. You need to have all pieces of the test under control before you demonstrate your skills in their entire entirety. BUN tests should be done a specific way. The Benefits of Hospital Volunteer Essay Samples For this reason, you may want to begin volunteering whenever possible. Egger s explains the advantages of volunteer work. You should also give some reasoning as to why you're applying to volunteer. After all, generally, volunteering is completely voluntary and therefore the organization may want to understand what's motivating your application. You may now submit an application for a volunteer position without outing a good deal of work into application letter writing. If you're on the lookout for work, volunteering is a great way to obtain experience and references for your course of life. The actual folks highly praise our essay help site. You can trust the very best essay help online. In retrospect, it is hard to think of a more important task I have done in my life than teach meditation for a volunteer. Being a volunteer may not earn you a good deal of in the world these days, but nevertheless, it makes it possible for you to get plenty of credibilities. You don't volunteer to get thanked, but it is best to understand your effort is acknowledg ed and appreciated. Helping victims is a great method to modify the world. Here's What I Know About Hospital Volunteer Essay Samples Whether you reside in a little town or a massive city there are lots of opportunities for volunteers. Maybe you hope to volunteer as a manner of exploring a potential career field. I am employed as an organizer with a huge team in association. There's a volunteer opportunity for every single type of person. Here's What I Know About Hospital Volunteer Essay Samples Volunteering in a position that you are interested is a fantastic way to add experience and skills and develop your resume. Just because a job isn't labeled as an internship doesn't indicate it does not have any value. Our technicians will kindly answer every one of your questions. Childcare is also quite a marketable skill. Lastly, you should end your letter with a concise description of your availability, alongside the very best approach to get in touch with you. When applyin g for any expert position, it's good form to incorporate a cover letter with your resume. By utilizing sample volunteer forms, the demand for cover letters and resumes may not be vital. You will soon locate the official data about us. The End of Hospital Volunteer Essay Samples Contrary to other companies, we're safe and skillful group of writers that are deeply concerned in regards to the academic writing tasks. It doesn't make a difference to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. My career choice is going to be a lot of communication skills with many various varieties of individuals. A lot of people out there require help. Hospital Volunteer Essay Samples In this section of the test you are going to be requested to demonstrate the practical qualities a nursing assistant must have. Be ready to explain why a specific hospital is the most suitable one for you and how you want to contribute to their patient care work. If you're thinking to follow a career in the health care field, volunteering at a hospital is a wonderful way to begin. If so, volunteering at an animal hospital, for example, would be an excellent prospect. Introducing Hospital Volunteer Essay Samples If you're interested in volunteering, then use any of the subsequent Application Forms to apply. If you want to turn into a volunteer, here's a sample template you could utilize to apply. If you decide to become a volunteer, you should express your interest by filling out an application form. Volunteer instructs students of all of the details and necessities in receiving an ID. The Chronicles of Hospital Volunteer Essay Samples Hospital volunteers supply a crucial service in hospitals. Hospitals supply an extremely important service to any community. I would welcome the chance to meet together with you in person to go over any prospective opportunities at the Greenleaf Child C enter. Volunteering doesn't need to get accomplished alone, you can do it with your buddies and family members. It gives an opportunity to find out something new about cultures of other countries. It is probably the most beneficial way for you to help your community. Volunteer by yourself, with your loved ones or with a group.

Is Prostitution Bad or Good - 1617 Words

Prostitution Is prostitution bad or good? Well I say it is bad because there is a lot of harm involved in this â€Å"occupation† and also it is not legal in many places to start of with. What is prostitution? Well prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in sexual relations in exchange for payment or some other way of payment. Prostitution is also sometimes described as commercial sex. Prostitution is sometimes referred to as â€Å"The worlds oldest profession†. The word â€Å"Prostitute† comes from the Latin word prostituta. A person who works in this â€Å"profession† is called a prostitute, and is a kind of sex worker. Prostitution is one of the branches of the sex industry. Is it legal some people may ask well the legal status of prostitution is very different from country to country, from being permissible but unregulated, to an enforced or unenforced crime or to a regulated profession. Estimates place the annual revenue generated by thi s profession to be upwards of 100 billion worldwide each year. Prostitution happens in a wide variety of forms. There are something called brothels which are establishments specifically dedicated to prostitution. In another type of prostitution called escort prostitution, the act may take place at the clients residence or hotel room also referred as a â€Å"call out†, or at the prostitute’s house or a hotel room rented for the occasion by the escort also called a â€Å"in call†. Another form of prostitution is called street prostitution where aShow MoreRelatedLegalizing Prostitution : The Good, The Bad And The Ugly1638 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Prostitution: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Prostitution, as stated by Rudyard Kipling, is considered to be known as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession,† and for good reason. Zac Fanni, a writer for Sabotage Times, wrote a documentary based on the history of prostitution and its origins. The sex-trade began with the Sumerians, who, in ancient times, worshiped Ishtar, the goddess of love and war. They believed that every morning she was â€Å"born anew as a maiden,† and every day the sky fellRead MoreProstitution : The Issue Of Prostitution1401 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution â€Å"There is no clear boundary† between voluntary and involuntary prostitution says Janice Raymond of the University of Massachusetts.(341) Prostitution as the society knows the women that sell themselves on the street as, is presented as a debate around the world, whether it be legalized or not. In the article â€Å"Decriminalizing Prostitution† Sarah Glazer reports on the views people have towards prostitution in their cities. Many people have different opinions on this debate such asRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1188 Words   |  5 PagesShould Prostitution be legalized? Prostitution is defined as the engaging in, or agreeing to engage in, sexual conduct for a fee. Women are pushed into entering prostitution for many reasons including lack of education, poverty, and personal choice. Prostitution is currently illegal, but there is much controversy surrounding this issue. Picture in your mind this scenario: Jane is a 26 year old single woman who makes her living working the streets as a prostitute. She is clean, and is tested regularlyRead MoreProstitution Is A Big Controversy Around The World1033 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is a big controversy around the world. Many debate about whether prostitution should be legalised due to the person being old enough to make the right decisions for themselves and for their body. Many choose this career as a way to make a living because they choose its right to. Others on the other hand do not agree. The opposing side say that prostitution should not be legal due to so much violence and abuse that a prostitute goes through. Many do not choose the lifestyle to becomeRead MoreProstitution Is The Practice Of Performing Sexual Activity1625 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution is the practice of performing sexual activity to get paid. This practice has existed for centuries and yet the question remains – is prostitution moral? It is because prostitution involves selling something very personal to earn money. Many people think that prostitution encourages slavery for women and selling body in return for money is very wrong while others think that prostitution is just like any other service so there is nothing immoral about it. In this paper, I will argue thatRead MoreThe Rights Of The United States1261 Words   |  6 Pagesright to do what you want with your body, as long as you don’t hurt anybody else. This is considered a basic human right and is provided for in the constitution. One example of where you should be able to do whatever you want with your body is prostitution. The government always has too much power over our health. It can draft us and make us go into internment camps like the Japanese in WW2. It certainly s houldn’t say whether or not we have the right to pay for sex with a consenting adult. ForRead MoreFreedom of Women to Be Prostitutes Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesFor centuries, women have been selling their bodies, in most cases prostitution, but it is not world’s oldest profession. Nevertheless, for as long as history states, prostitution has been around for as long as the oldest professions in the world. Every aspect of history asserts even the slightest things about prostitution existing. Prostitution has been a long-term profession through out several decades, whether it varies from being an adult star, escort, prostitute, a stripper etc†¦ As long as theyRead MoreThe Effect of Legalizing Prostitution on the Economy1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Legalizing Prostitution on the Economy Our Nation has been under immense fire lately. This is mainly because Americas Government is over a trillion dollars in debt. We are in one of the worst recessions that America has ever been and in danger of creating a double dip recession. Jobs are nowhere in sight. People continue to get laid off and even worse people who have been laid off are losing their unemployment benefit. The unemployment rate is through the roof and nobody can findRead More Prostitution Should be Legalized Essay560 Words   |  3 PagesProstitution Should be Legalized I think that prostitution should be legalized because it is no different than any other service that we pay to receive. Besides, there are far more serious crimes that require the full attention of our police force than prostitution; therefore, policing it is a costly waste of time and police resources. Furthermore, prostitution is already legal in Singapore, Denmark, and a part of the United States as well. In this Essay, I will discuss these ideas;Read MoreThe Movie Running Scared By Paul Walker922 Words   |  4 PagesOleg. Oleg is seen as the growing boy in the house, not yet the man, but he wants to care for his mother and protect her. This poses a problem: he wants to save his mother but in order to do that he must â€Å"eliminate† his dad. Though his intentions are good his actions are illegal. He also stole the gun, which is wrong. Stealing and attempting to murder fall under the three universal values that James Rachels outlines in the text (Rosenstand, 2013, p. 142). Almost all cultures, civilized or not, have